THE NORTHERN SECTION. 



37 



West Virginia ranks liitfli in the production of coal, 
petroleum, natural gas, and salt. There are fertile 
farms in the western lowland valleys. 

Whefliiiij, ill the coal and gas region, manufactures 
iron aud steel, and glass. 

TOPICS ON THE MIDDLE STATES. 

I. States. Characteristic products and iDdustries of each state 
II. Cities. Characteristics of one or more of the leading cities in 
ea<*ti state. 

The six states of the Northern Section between the 
A])palacliian Mountains and the Mississippi River lie 
partly or wholly in the Ohio and St. Lawrence basins. 
They are sometimes called the East Central States. 
In the uortii, east, and south of this grcmp there are 
extensive forests; but the central part is mostly an 
open prairie, which is the very heart of the food-pro- 
ducing region of our country. 

OHIO. What states and waters border Ohio? What river flows 
into Lake Erie ; into the Ohio I Name and locate the capital. Name 
two cities in the southwest ; two on I^ake Erie. 

Ohio ranks high in agriculture, manufacturing, 
and wool-growing. Besides the great food in'oducts, 
there is a large yield of tobacco, fruit, and dairy 
products. There is an abundance of coal, petroleum, 
and natural gas ; and iron ore is cheaply obtained 
from Lake Superior. Iron and steel, machinery, 
Hour, lunil)cr, licjuors, tobacco, and packed meat are 
important manufactures. 

Clevehntd, the largest city, and Cincitiiiati are both 




Stock yards in Chicago. 

very active commercial and manufacturing cities. 
Cleveland manufactures iron and steel, machinerv, 
clothing, packed meat, kerosene, and .ships; and Cin- 
cinnati, clothing, ma<-hincry, liijuors, packed meat, 
shoes, and tobacco. Tohilo is an important lake port. 
(Jolumbus and iMijton manufacture machinei'v. 



INDIANA What states and waters border Indiana f What river 
crosses it ' Name and locate the capital. What city is in the south- 
west ; in the west ; in the northeast '. 

Indiana is noted, not only for its agricnltui'al prod- 
ucts, but also for meat packing, and the manufacture 
of flour, lumber, iron, cars, ma('hinery, and litjuors. 

liidiatiiipolis is a great railroad center. Eraiisville 
and Tn-re Uaidf are in tlui coal region. Fort Mai/ne, 
near the lumber region, manufactures wagons, cars, 
and agricultural implements. 

ILLINOIS. What states and waters border Illinois ! What three 
rivers traverse the state i Name, and locate the capital. What threat 
city is on Lake Michi^n I What city is on the Illinois north of the 
capital f What city is on the Mississippi west of the capital '. 

Illinois is often called the Prairie State, and is one 
of the greatest food-producing states in the Union. 
It ranks third in population and manufactures. It 
mines much coal. 

Chicago, the largest city on the continent, after New 
York, is the greatest railroad center and meat and 
grain market in the world. It has immense stock 
yards, meat-packing establishments, and grain eleva- 
tors, and many clothing factories. The city is near the 
coal fields of the state, and iron ore and lumber are 
brought here by lake to be manufactured. The Uni- 
versity of Chicago is <me of the largest in the country. 

Peoria has great distilleries, stock yards, aud meat- 
packing liouses. ^ast St. Louik, a railroad center, 
has meat-packing houses and iron and steel works. 
Springfield is an important coal-mining center. 

KENTUCKY. Name the states, waters, and mountain range 
that liorder Keiitiu'ky. What four rivers flow through the state f 
Name and locate the capital. What city is west of Frankfort I 
What city is north of Frankfort ? 

Kentucky produces about one third of the to- 
I)acco grown in this countr}-, besides much corn. 
Wheat, hay, and hemp are also important prod- 
ucts. The i)rincipal manufactures are liquors, 
llour, lumber, tobacco, machinery, and iron and 
steel. It is noted for its " blue-grass " pastures 
and its fine live stock. Mammoth Cave, on 
Green River, is the largest cavern known. 

Louisville, at the falls of the (^hio, is a great 
market and manufacturing center for tobacco. 
It also manufactures distilled litjuors, machinery, 
flour, packed meat, and clothing. Covini/ton and 
Newport are on the Ohio River opposite Cincinnati. 
These cities manufacture tobacco, machinery, iron 
and steel, and beer. Lerini/ton is an important 
stock-raising center in the blue-grass region. 



r-^^/ 



^^u:|,-lUL^x-^ X.. u . 



GEOGRAPHY OF KENTUCKY. 



HISTORY. 

Indians once roamed over the land now known as 
Kentucky. They did not live here, but this was 
their hunting ground, to which they came every 
year for wild game. When white men began to 
settle it, the Indians were determined not to give it 
up. The settlers, who came mostly from Pennsyl- 
vania, Virginia, and North Carolina, had never before 
seen such an abundance of game nor a more beau- 
tiful country. They therefore determined to make 
their home here and stay in spite of tlie Indians. 

Among the early 




pioneers was Daniel 
Boone. He brought 
his family and a 
number of his 
friends across the 
mountains from 
North Carolina to 
a point on the 
Kentucky River in 
what is now Madi- 
son county, directly 
north of tlie present 
site of Richmond. 
This settlement was 
known as Boones- 
boro. On their ar- 
rival, they saw many buffaloes that had come to 
the lick for salt. Tlie forest was also full of elk, 
deer, and wild fowl. These supplied them with 
sufficient food until corn and vegetables could be 
grown. 

Influenced by stories of this wonderful land, 
others had crossed the Cumberland Mountains or 
had sailed down the Ohio to find homes along its 
banks or beside the beautiful streams that flowed 
into it from the soutli. Harrodsburg was settled a 
year before Boonesboro ; and settlements at Lexing- 
ton, Louisville, Frankfort, and Limestone (now 
Maysville) were soon made. All the larger settle- 
ments were made west of the mountains. Here the 

Copyright, 1909, IOII4, hij American Book Company. 



The New State Capitol, Frankfort. 



land was very fertile, and the rich soil brought forth 
abundant crops. 

The people found that there were many things 
needed in common. Rrotection from the Indians, 
good roads, to connect these widely separated settle- 
ments, bridges across the large streams, laws to 
punish people who did wrong, and officers to attend 
to these and other affairs of connnon interest that 
would benefit all alike. No one settlement could 
afford to have all these things ; so, as the older 
states had done, a state government was organized 
and a constitution adopted. Until this time this 

territory was a part 
of Virginia, but in 
1792, by authority 
of the Congress of 
the United States, 
il l)ecame the state 
of Kentucky. Al- 
though it had been 
but 18 years since 
the first settlement 
was made, at Har- 
rodsburg, there 
were more than 
75,000 inhabitants 
when Kentucky be- 
came a state of the 
Union. Even then 



there was not a railroad in America, and travel was 
exceedingly slow and tedious, for there were no 
good wagon roads, nor even steamboats on the 
rivers. In 1910 there were 2,290,000 people living 
in Kentucky. 

Government. Wlien Kentucky became a state, 
men were elected to make the laws for the whole 
state. The men chosen for this purpose were called 
senators and representatives ; both together made 
up the general assembly. The constitution, or 
supreme law of the state, also provided for courts 
and judges to interpret or explain the laws, aiid for 
a Governor and other officers to enforce or carry the 
0C1A374542 



JUN20lbh 



^^/ 



(iKOCRAl'lIV OK KKNITCKY 




The State University of Kentucky, Lexington. 



laws into effect. As the state grew, it was found 
that the first constitution and early laws did not 
altogether suit ; so, from time to time, other consti- 
tutions somewhat different were adopted by the peo- 
ple of the state. The present constitution was 
adopted in 1891. 

There are many matters which do not concern 
the state as a whole. For this reason, it is divided 
into counties, each having officers to look after its 
own affairs. The chief county officer is the county 
judge. Some of the other officers are the sheriff, 
cf)unty attorney, assessor, clerk, jailer, coroner, 
and the sujjerin- 
tendent of schools. 
Now there are 120 
counties in all. 

In many of the 
counties are cities 
which also have 
their own govern- 
ment. Tiiere are 
a numljer of officers 
in each city who are 
connected with its 
government. The 
mayor is the chief of 
these city officials. 




wliites and one for blacks, and a state university. 
Any child may now go from the lowest to the high- 
est schools with free tuition. When a pupil com- 
pletes the common scliool course, he ma}' attend the 
county high school, and after that the State Univer- 
sity, at Lexington, wliich is the head of the public 
school system of the state. Here he may acijuire a 
college education in almost any branches of study 
he may wish to pursue. Those who desire to be- 
come teachers are allowed free instruction in either 
of the State Normal Schools, one of whii'li is located 
at Bowling Green, the other at Richmond. Colored 
students are given free tuition 
in the Normal and Industrial In- 
stitute at Frankfort. There are 
also many excellent private 
schools and colleges in the state, 
the oldest of which is Transylva- 
nia L'niversity at Lexington. 



Western Sl.itr Nuini.il SlIi 
Bowling Green. 



Education. At first, strange to say, no provision 
was made in Kentucky for public education, but 
nnw a vast sum of money is spent for both white 
and colored schools. The public school .system of 
Kentucky now includes the common schools, county 
and city high schools, two normal schools for 




Eastern State Normal School, Richmond 




QUESTIONS ON THE MAP. 

What two great rivers form part of the natural 
boundaries of Kentucky? Wliat smaller river and 
what two mountains also form natural boundaries 
of the state'/ Wliat two important rivers cross the 
western part of the state ? Name several otiier 
rivers which flow into the Ohio River. Mention 
several counties in the central part of tiie Mountain 
region (^see the map of natural regions'). Locate 



Cumberland Mountain and Cumberland Gap. Name 
several counties crossed by the Knobs. IMention sev- 
eral counties of the Blue (irass region. What two 
important rivers flow through this region? What 
hill forms its southern and western boundary ? Name 
several cities of the Blue Grass region. Where is the 
region known as the Western Coal Fields ? What 
river divides it into two nearly equal parts? AVhat 
two important cities are in this region on the Oliio? 







«< / Vj H^ 

BiB/O W nT" 



O T O 



1 



'VtrVlniootMrVv ■. BRACKiiNj 



fs 



ity a.. .- C * w R Dn c E J/5 

aCmimtt mLoiT^ ^XurT- • 'nK3P'° lolL-S.tJU ^-fSiNbyolk / . r-'^irTf^.JM^I 'i ^^aP^V^^lr n' I ' ' l> 







In wliiit part of the state is the Jackson Purcliaso ? 
W'liat river forms its eastern lioiimlary ? Wluit city 
of tiiis region is on the Oiii(j ilivcr at tl>e nioiilli of 
tlie Tennessee? In what part of Kentucky do you 
live? In wliat county? In what natural region or 
regions is it situated? Describe the houmlaries of 
this county. Locate Booneshoro. Wiio made a 
settlement here? Locate Ilarroilshurg, Maysvillc, 
Louisville, Frankfort, and Lexington. Which nf 



these is the largest city of the state? Which is the 
capital? With the scale of miles iind out how far 
these ncighl)oring settlements were apart. Is it 
likely they were well acrpiainted with one another? 
What two cities are on the Ohio at the mouth of 
the Licking River? Locale Howling (ireen, IIop- 
kinsville, Ashland, Bellevue, Dayton, Winchester, 
llichmond, and Paris. In what county is the Mam- 
moth Cave ? 



GEOGRAPHY OF KENTUCKY 



SURFACE AND DRAINAGE. 

Turn to tlie map. Find Hickman. It is in the 
southwestern corner of the state. It is 500 feet 
above sea level. Locate the Cumberland Mountain 
range. Its crest is 2000 feet above sea level. 
Some of these mountains are even higher 
tlian that, but to the north and west they 
gradually get lower and lower until they are 
but hills. The crest of Cumberland Moun- 
tain is how many times as high as Hickman 
above sea level ? The larger part of Ken- 
tucky is a great plain furrowed by i-ivers. 
Its northern boundary is the Ohio River, which 
separates it from Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. 




that of the state of Tennessee, Virginia, or Ohio, 
and a little greater than that of Indiana. 

In the mountains the rivers are rapid, with many 
falls ; but where they flow through the long, gradual 
slope they can be easily traversed by boats. ]Much 
of Kentucky has 
easy water com- 
munication with the 
Ohio River. Begin 
at the northeastern 
corner of the state 
and name in order 
seven rivers which 
flow into the Ohio. 
Which of these riv- 
ers drain the most 
land '/ Wliat river 
drains all of Ken- 
tucky ? Through 
what stream do the 
waters from Ken- 
tucky reach the 
ocean ? Trace the 
waters in the stream 
near your home to the 
Mississippi River. 
The surface of the state has a gen- 
eral slope from the Appalachian Plateau 
in the southeast to the Ohio River on 
the northwest. Thus the principal 
streams of Kentucky flow northwest 




A Coal Mine, 
Mountain Region. 



Cumberland Falls. 

Its western boundary is the 
Mississippi River, which 
separates it from Missouri. 
Its eastern boundary is Cum- 
berland Mountain, Pine 
Mountain, and Big Sandy 
River in the Appalachian 
Highland. These separate 
it from Virginia and West 
Virginia. The southern 
boundary, which separates 
Kentucky from Tennessee, 
differs from all the others, 
as it is composed of nearly 

straight lines marked out by man, and does not 
follow any one river valley or mountain ridge or 
other natural feature. 

The length of the state is about 380 miles, and 
its greatest width is about 170 miles. Its area is 
about 40,000 square miles, being almost as great as 




The Ohio River near the Mouth of the Kentucky. 

and are tributaries 6f the Ohio. Among these 
streams are the Big Sand3% Licking, Kentucky, 
Rolling Fork, Green, Tradewater, Cumberland, 
and Tennessee rivers. The Cumberland rises in 
southeastern Kentucky and the Tennessee still fur- 
ther east in Virginia, and both of these streams 



GEOGRAI'HY OF KENTUCKY 



flow through Tennessee in great bends before they 
cross western Kentucky to join the Ohio. 

Altliough the general sh)pe is to tiie northwest, 
the state may be divided into several regions by well- 
marked differences in the character of the surface. 
These natural regions are six in nuinlicr: the Moun- 
tain Re(/ion, the Knohg. tiie Bhie (rraxx /iii/ion. the 




and although some of the valleys contain fertile 
soil, the region as a whole is not well adapted for 
farming. It contains, however, rich stores of coal 
and iron and is covered with valuable forests. The 
western edge of the upland forms an irregular line 
of hills called tiic Knobs. 

The Knobs Region extends across the state from 
Lewis county on the Ohio to Allen 
county on the Tennessee boundary, and 
from Uncoln county a prong circles to- 
ward the northwest, to the Ohio Kiver 
near Louisville. This prong of the 
Knobs is a range of wooded hills known 
as Muldraughs Hill. The Knobs, thougii 
poor soil, is a splendid fruit region. 
The numerous small valleys are quite 
product ivc. 

The Blue Grass Region lies west of the 
Knolis and north of .Muldrauehs Ilill. 



Souttidown Sbeep, Blue Grass Region. 

t'avcriioKK Limcittone Rri/ion. tlie Wfnti'i-)! 
Cold Fill,], and tlic Joi-/cho)i J*>t)-i-/iitse. 

The Mountain Region. On the map 
of Kentucky linil (ircenup county, on 
the Oliio Tiiver. Then Knd Wayne and 
Clinton counties on the Tennessee line. 
Draw a line with your pencil from the 
northern point of 
(ireennp county to 
the point on the 
Tennessee line where 
Wayne and Clinton 
counties join. The 
part of Kentucky 
east of this line is 
commonly called the 
Mountains. This is 
about one fourth of 
the state, and con- 
sists of an upland 
1000 to 2000 feet 
high, whiv^li has been 





The Largest Loose-leaf Tobacco Warehouse in the World 
Lexington. 

ilivided by the deepsteei)-sided valleys of the streams 
into a great mimlx-rof small plateaus and ranges of 
high hills which render the sui'fa(;e very rough anil 
rugged. In the extreme southeast, near the \'ir- 
ginia boumlary, arc the high, i-vcn-toppcd ridges of 
Cumiierland .Mountain and I'itie .Mountain. The 
surface rock of this upland is generally sandstone. 



"trrirm&imri: 



Eenlucky Uuiscs. 

It is an undulating limestone 
country with a deep and fertile 
soil, well adapted to farming and 
to the growth of the beautiful vel- 
vety blue grass. The Kentucky 
and Licking rivers flow through 
this region in deep, steep-sided val- 
leys, but away from these streams 
the surface is comparatively level 
or rolling, and forms one of the 
finest farming and stock-breed- 
ing regions of the world. 
The Western Coal Field. The region about the 
lower com. sc of (ireen Uiver, including the counties 
from Hancock to Union and as far south as Muh- 
lenberg and Mutler, is rough and hill)' and much like 
the .Mountain region, but not so elevated. Like 
that region, too, it contains valuable beds of coal 
and much excellent timber. Hut most of the coal 



GEOGRAPHY OF KENTUCKY 




Echo River. Mammoth C.ive. 

in western Kentucky lies below the beds of the 
streams, and must be broug'lit to the surface by means 
of shafts dug down to the seams of coal. In the 
mountains, the coal seams are in the mountain sides, 
above the streams, and are mined by "drifting," or 
tunneling into the sides of the mountains. 

Cavernous Limestone Region. Extending from 
]\Iul(lraugli.s Hill and The Knoljs to the Tennessee 
River, and surrounding the Western Coal Field on 
the east, south, and west, is a low limestone plateau 
whose surface is pitted with numerous sink-holes 
or depressions through which the surface 
water finds its wa}'' into underground pas- 
sages. The water, by dissolving the lime- 
stone rocks, enlarges many of these passages 
into great caves or caverns, of which Mam- 
moth Cave in Edmonson coLinty is the most 
famous. Some of these caves are several 



miles in length, and some 
of them now form the course 
of underground rivers. 

The Jackson Purchase em- 
braces the portion of the 
state west of the Tennessee 
River. It Wius purchased 
from the Chickasaw Indians 
in 1820. It is a low-lying 
region composed of clay, 
loam, and gravel, and in 
places is exceedingly fer- 
tile. 

Climate. The climate of 
Kentucky is pleasant and 
healthful, with warm sum- 
mers and moderately cold 
winters, and an ample rain- 
fall very nearly distributed through the year. It 
is sqmewhat warmer on the lowlands along the 
Mississipi)i River than on Cumberland Mountain in 
the southeast, and the rainfall is somewhat greater 
in the soutliern than in the northern part of the 



state. 



RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



Minerals. Coal is the most valuable mineral of 
Kentucky. It is mined in many localities in both 
the Mountain resrion and the Western Coal Field. 





Breaking Hemp, Bourbon County. 



A Kentucky Tobacco Field. 

Excellent iron ore is mined in both these 
regions, especially in Bath county. Petro- 
leum is also obtained, particularly in the 
southern counties from Wayne to Allen ; 
and natural gas in Meade county. Marble, 
onyx, au<l stone for nuiking hydraulic ce- 
nu'Ut arc quarried in various parts of the 
mountainous regions. 



GEOGRAPHY OF KHXTL'CKY 




Louisville Free Public Libra^. 

Agriculture gives eniplovinent to a greater num- 
ber of [leople in Kentucky than any other industry. 
Tuhaeco is grown chiefly in the limestone regions 
and in the Jackson Purchase, and the annual crop 
is much greater than in any other state in the Union. 
Corn and wheat are raised in all sections. Hemp is 
extensively raised in the P>luc (Jrassregion, and this 
crop is greater in Kentucky than in any other state. 
Fine fruit is raised in the Oliio River counties of 
the lilue Grass region and along ]\Iuldrauglis Hill 
and the Knobs. The breeding of fine cattle and 
fast horses is a leading industry in the Blue Grass 
counties. 

Lumbering is a leading industry in the Mountain 
Region, where great quantities of yellow poplar 
lumber are obtained. The logs are cut in the for- 
ests near the head waters of the larger streams and 
are floated down singly or in rafts to tiie sawmills 
far below. 

Manufacturing. Among the manufacturing in- 
dustiies the making of chewing and smoking tobacco 
and tlie distilling of li(iuors are very important, as 
are also tlie milling of flour and cornnieal, saw mill- 
ing, tlie making of iron and steel, meat packing, 
and the manufacture of macliinery, cottonseed oil, 
cars, carriages and wagons, leather, and clotliing. 
Louisville is by far the most important numufac- 
turing center in the state. 

Commercial Facilities. Kentucky is traversed by 
a niiiiil)er of iiu|)()rtaul trunk lines f)f railway, in- 
cluding tlie Chesapeake and Oliio ; Louisville and 
Nasliville ; Illinois Central ; Cincinnati, New < )rlcans, 
and Texas I'acilic ; and other important systems, 
wliicii togellier iiave a trackage of more tliau :5r)0() 
miles. These roads afford access to nearly all parts 
of the state, and, witli other connections, give ample 
communication witii all sections of tlie Union. 



Much of the commerce of the state is 
transported over its navigable water- 
ways, particularly by means of the 
Ohio and Mississippi rivers ; while tlie 
Tennessee, Cumberland, Green, Ken- 
tuek}-. Licking, Big Sandy, an<l other 
rivers are largel}- utilized for this pur- 
pose. 

CITIES AND TOWNS. 

Louisville, tlie metropolis of the 
stale and the county seat of Jeffer.son 
county, is located on tlie Oliio River 
at the falls, which here furnisli excel- 
lent water power. A canal has been 
constructed around the falls, so that 
they interfere but little with the navigation of the 
river. Owing to the commercial and manufactur- 
ing facilities afforded by its location, Louisville has 
grown rapidly in prosperity. 

The transportation facilities of Louisville by 
both rail and water are excellent. The various 
railroads which enter the city give communication 
with nearly every part of the state, and bridges 
across the Ohio connect these roads with various 
sections of the Union. An extensive traflic is car- 
ried on by means of steamboat navigation on the 
Ohio River and the other navigable rivers of the 
state. 

Louisville is an important market for the sale of 
leaf tobacco, and mueii of this product is here manu- 
factured into chewing, smoking, and other forms of 
tobacco. Distilled and malt liquors, cottonseed 
oil, and leather are produced in large quantities. 
Other manufacturing industries include slaughter- 
ing and meat jiacking, flour milling, and tlie making 
of wagons, farm implements, machinery, cars, and 
clothing. The po])ulation in 1910 was about :2l'4,Oi)0. 




Scene in Central Park, Louisville. 



GEOGRAPHY OF KENTUCKY 



Covington is in Kenton county on the Ohio 
River. The Ohio and various railroads provide 
a ready means of communication, and bridges 
across the Ohio River connect Covington witli 
Cincinnati. Its manufactories include tobacco fac- 
tories, foundries, machine shops, and breweries. 

Newport, on the Ohio opposite Cincinnati, in 
Campbell county, is separated from Covington by 




Courthouse and Public Square, Lexington. 

the Licking River. Macliinery, clotliing, and lum- 
ber are among its various manufactures. 

Lexington, tlie county seat of Fayette county, 
is a flourishing city. This city, often called the 
Belle of the Blue Grass, was founded in 1776, and 
was the home of Henry Clay. It is noted for its 
sales of fine horses, which bring 
buyers from all parts of the 
country, and also as being the 
chief hempmarketof the United 
States, and one of the largest 
tobacco markets in the world. 
The State University, the East- 
ern State Hospital for insane 
persons, Transylvania Univer- 
sity, and a number of private 
colleges are located here. 

Paducah, the county seat of 
MeC'raekeu county, is located 
at the point where the Tennes- 
see River enters the Ohio- The city has extensive 
shipping interests, and is an important tobacco mar- 
ket, besides maintaining a large number of manu- 
facturing industries. 

Owensboro, the county seat of Daviess county, was 



first settled in 1798. It is situated fin the Oliio River, 
and has excellent facilities for trade and manufac- 
ture. Its chief manufactures include tobacco, flour, 
lumber, machinery, wagons, buggies, and cellulose. 
Henderson, the county seat of Henderson county, 
is situated on the Ohio River. The city is one of 
much wealth, and is an important tobacco market. 
Its manufactures include tobacco, cotton and woolen 
goods, distilled liquors, and flour. 

Frankfort, the capital of tlie state, is 
situated in Franklin county on the Ken- 
tucky River, which is here navigable for 
Ohio River steamers. The city is situated 
within the limits of the Blue (irass region, 
and is an important commercial and manu- 
I, I, facturing center. The State Reformatory, 

J^ the institution for educating feeble- 
minded children, and the state normal 
and industrial school for blacks are located 
here. 

Hopkinsville is the county seat of Chris- 
tian county, which is noted for its agricul- 
tural resources. These contribute in a 
large measure to the growth and commer- 
cial importance of the cit}'. It has a large 
trade in flour and tobacco. 

Bowling Green, the county seat of War- 
ren count}-, is located on the Barren River 
in the center of a very rich agricultural and 
stock raising section ; besides, it possesses a 
number of manufacturing industries. Here are 
located Ogden College, the Western Kentucky 
State Normal School, and other imijortant educa- 
tional institutions. 




Transylvania University, Lexington. 

Ashland is in Boyd county on the Ohio River. 
It has large interests in coal and iron mining, and 
in the manufacture of iron and steel and their vari- 
ous products. The city is also in a rich lumber 
region and has many lumber mills. 



GEOGRAPHY OF KENTUCKY 



Middlesboro< in Bell county, is in the southeast- 
ern corner of the state in an important coal and 
iron mining region, and has extensive iron and 
steel furnaces and coke ovens. 

Winchester, the county seat of Clark county, is 
a flourisliing city in tl;e Blue (irass region. The 
chief interests of the city are those connected with 
stock raising, manufacturing, and lumbering. Ken- 
tucky Wfsleyan CoUfge is located here. 

Bellevue and Dayton, in Camivbell county, and 
Ludlow, in Kenton county, are suburban places 
among the group of cities on the Ohio opposite 
CiiiciMuati. 

Maysville, the county seat of Mason county, was 
settled in 1787, and was formerly called Limestone. 
It is situated on the Ohio at the Zanesville and 
Lexington turnpike crossing, wliich wafe, in the 
early history of the state, an important thorough- 
fare for commercial traffic. ' 

Ma3rfield. the county seat of Graves county, is in 
the western part of the state in the Jackson Pur- 
chase region. The city has a large and growing 
trade in the products of a ricli agricultural section. 

Paris, the county seat of Bourbon county, has an 
important trade in live stock, tobacco, and distilled 
liquors. 

Danville, the county seat of Boyle county, is in 
the soutlicrn part of the Blue Grass region, and is 
chiefly noted for its agricultural products and live 
stock. Here is located the Central University of 
Kentucky. 

Richmond, the county seat of Madison county, is 
on the eastern border of the Blue Grass region. 
The Eastern Kentucky State Normal School is 



located liere. Richnmnd is noted for extensive 
shipments of tine iiorses, mules, and cattle. 

Madisonville. the county seat of IIo])kins county, 
is in the Western Coal Field. Besides the adjacent 
coal mines, it has various manufactories. 

Georgetown, the county seat of Scott county, is in 
tlie Hlui' (irass region, and has an important trade 
in tile products of this part of the state. Here are 
located Georgetown College and several seminaries. 

Somerset, in Pulaski county, is a mining city, 
with I'ailroad sliops, excellent sidiools, a good public 
library, and numerous banks, wliolesale houses, and 
factories. 

Mt. Sterling, the county seat of Montgomery 
coiuity, is situated on the dividing line between the 
Blue Grass and the Knobs regions. Lumber and 
its products are among its chief manufactures. 

The following places are the county seats of their 
respective counties, and the chief interests of each 
are briefly mentioned: Cynthiana, llanison county, 
agriculture and manufacturing. Catlettsburg. Boyd 
county, stock raising and coal mining. Lebanon, 
Marion county, agriculture, stock raising, and dis- 
tilling. Shelbyville, Shelby county, tobacco, grain, 
and live stoek. 

Among otlier places of importance may be men- 
tioned : Earlington, Hopkins county. Harrodsburg, 
Mercer county. Hickman and Fulton. Fulion 
county. Morganfield. rnioii county. Russellville, 
Logan county. Princeton, Caldwell count \. Nich- 
olasville. Jessamine county. Versailles. Woodford 
county. ■ Franklin, Simpson county. Corbin, Whit- 
ley county. 



POPULATION OF THE COUNTIES OF KENTUCKY, 1910. 



Adair 10. 

Alien 14. 

Anderson 10. 

Ballard 12, 

Barren 2-'). 

Math 1:!. 

Hell 28. 

lioone !•. 

liourbon 17, 

H.ivd 23. 

Uoyle 14, 

lliacken 10. 

Hieathitt 1". 

Itreckinridge 21, 

I'.iillitt 9. 

Hnller l.'i, 

Caldwell 14, 

falloway 10, 

Canipbell .Ml 

('arli.sle !• 

Carrrill H, 

Carter 21. 

< 'iisey 15, 

Cliri.stian 38. 



.50.3 
882 
14t! 
tJ'.H) 
2H3 
088 



420 
4(i2 
444 

,fili8 

;'.08 

.'>40 

,o:)4 

,487 
,80r, 

,o<i:? 
,8r,7 
.:!<iit 
048 
no 

4711 
84.-, 



Clark 17, 

Clay 17. 

Clinton 8. 

Crittenden 13, 

( 'uniberland 9. 

I)avies.s 41. 

Kdmonson 10. 

Klliott 9. 

Kslill 12, 

Fayeue 47, 

Kleming 10, 

Klovd 18. 

Franklin 21, 

Fulton 14, 

(lallatin 4, 

< iarrard 11. 

(irant 10, 

(iraves IB. 

Grayson l!i. 

(ireen II. 

(ireenup 18, 

Hancock 8, 

Hardin 22. 

Harlan 10. 



'.tS7 

,789 

163 

2«« 

840 

,020 

,4(i!l 

814 

,273 

,71.5 

OtIO 

023 ' 

13o 1 

114 

097 

894 

681 

r>:r.t 

96S 
871 
,476 
.■>12 
090 

mi 



Ilarri.sou 1(),H73 

Hart 18,173 

Henderson 29,352 

Henry 1.3,710 

Hickman 11,7.50 

Hopkins 34.291 

.Jackson 10,734 

.Jefferson 2t!2,!»20 

.Je.ssainine 12,013 

.Jolinsim 17,482 

Kenton 70,355 

Knott 10,791 

Knox 22,110 

Larue 10.701 

Laurel 19,872 

Lawrence 20,007 

Lee 9..531 

Leslie 8,970 

Letclier 10,023 

Lewis 10.887 

Lincoln 17,897 

LivinKsUin 10.027 

Lofian 24,977 

Lyon 9,423 

• Population estimated. 



McCr.ackcn. . . 


...35,004 


XlcCreary 


..•12,000 


McLean 


....13,241 


.Madi.son 


...20.961 


Miisortin 


. . . 13,054 


Marion 


...10,330 




.. .15,771 


Martin 


... 7.291 




...18,011 


Meade 


... 9,783 


Menifee 


... 0,153 


.Mercer 


...14,003 


.Metcalfe 


. .10,4.53 


Monroe 


...l3,oo:! 


Montgomery. . 


. . . 12,808 


Morgan 


...10,2.59 


Muhlenberg . . 


. . .28,698 


Nelson 


. . . lti.830 


Xi.liolas 


.. .10.001 


Ollin 


...27,li42 


Oldham 


. . . 7,248 


( )wen 


. ..14.248 


Owsley 


. . 7.979 


I'endlelon 


...11,986 



Perrv 11, 

I'ike 31, 

Powell «. 

Pula.ski •30, 

Kobertson 4, 

HockcjLstle 14, 

Kiiwaii 9, 

Kussell 10, 

Scott 10, 

.Shelby 18, 

Simpson 11, 

Spencer 7, 

Taylor II 

Tddd Hi. 

Trigg 14, 

Trimble (!. 

Inion 19. 

Warren 30. 

Washington 13, 

Wavne •IS. 

Webster 20. 

Whitley '28 

Wolfe 9. 

Woodford 12, 



265 
079 
208 
000 
121 
473 
4:!8 
SOI 
950 
041 
4»!0 



940 
,000 
,974 
,(MK) 
,804 
.571 



38 



THE UNITED STATES. 




The seven states of the Northern Section west of the 
Mississippi River lie wholly or partly in the Missouri 
basin. In the northeast and southeast are extensive 
forests, and tlie Black Hills, in tlie west, are forest clad. 
The rest of the group is mostly treeless, except along the 
streams. In the extreme western part of this group 
agriculture is of less importance than stock raising, for 
droughts are not infrequent. 



Grain elevator. 

MICHIGAN. What states and waters border Miclii- 
gan ? AV'hat lake and strait separate it into two parts ' 
What two rivers traverse the southern peninsula' 
What range of hills is in the northern 
peninsula? What and where is the 
capital? What city is east of it 
west of it; north of it? 

Tlie southern part is 
noted for its proiluc- 
tion of wheat, dairy 
products, apples, and 
wool ; the central 
part, for lumber and 
salt ; the northern 
part, for iron ore, co}) 
per, and lumber. 

Detroit has unrivaled 
commercial facilities, and 
manufactures automobiles, ma 
chinery, packed meat, tobacco, and Corn, 

drugs. Grand Rapids manufactures fur- 
niture ; Saginaw, beet sugar, lumber, and machinery. 

WISCONSIN. What states and waters border Wisconsin ? What 
two rivers traverse it? What lake and bay are in the east? What 
and where is the capital ? What two cities are on Lake Michigan ? 
■\Vliat city is on Lake Superior? 

Oats, barley, and tobacco are important crops in 
the southern lialf of the state. In the north are 
valuable pine forests and rich mines of iron ore. 

Milwaukee is a shipping point for grain and lum- 
ber, and has extensive breweries, tanneries, foun- 
dries, and flour mills. Superior ships wheat, lumber, 
and iron ore, and has large shijjyards. Racine 
manufactures automobiles, agricultural implements, 
and carriages and wagons. 

TOPICS ON THE EAST CENTRAL STATES. 
I. St.\tk.s. Charaiteristic piodncts ami industries of each state. 
II. CiTiKs. Characteristics of one or more leading cities in each state. 





Harvesting wheat. 

MINNESOTA. What country, states, and waters 
border Minnesota? What rivers traverse it? Name 
three of its lakes. Name and locate the capital. 
What city is near it ? What city is in the northeast ? 

Minnesota is one of the great wheat- 
producing states of the Union. Lumbering 
is a great industry in the northeast and 
southeast. The iron ore mines in the north- 
east are t!ie most extensive in the world. 
Minneapolis is the world's greatest flour-milling 
city and a great lumber center. St. Paul is a com- 
mercial city at the head of navigation on the Missis- 
sippi. Dif/wf/i ships wheat, flour, lumber, and iron ore. 

IOWA. What states and waters border Iowa ? What rivers cross 
it? Locate the capital; two cities in the east; one in the northwest. 

Iowa is a great corn- and hog-producing state, and 
is noted also for its cattle, dairy products, and coal. 

Des Moines is in the mining region, and has a large 
trade. Dubuque and Davenport manufacture machin 
ery and food products. Sioux City packs much meat, 

MISSOURI. Wiat states and waters border Missouri? What 
rivers cinss it? What mountains are in the south? Locate the 
capital. What city is in the east? What two cities are in the west? 

In northern Missouri farming, and in the south 
fruit and wool growing and lumbering, are leading 
industries. Much coal, lead, and zinc are mined. 

St. Louis, the largest city in the Mississippi basin, 
has a great trade by rail and river. It manufactures 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

<lllllilin!l|i|!l<l!1!IIIIWlil!ll 



014 511 418 



